Generate Ssh Public Keys Linux

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To be able to use ssh, scp, or sftp to connect to the server from a client machine, generate an authorization key pair by following the steps below. Note that keys must be. Stack Overflow Public questions and answers Teams Private questions and answers for your team Enterprise Private self-hosted questions and answers for your enterprise.

recently read that SSH keys provide a secure way of logging into a Linux and Unix-based server. How do I set up SSH keys on a Linux or Unix based systems? In SSH for Linux/Unix, how do I set up public key authentication?
This page explains a public key and shows you how to set up SSH keys on a Linux or Unix-like server. I am assuming that you are using Linux or Unix-like server and client with the following software:
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  • OpenSSH SSHD server
  • OpenSSH ssh client and friends on Linux (Ubuntu, Debian, {Free,Open,Net}BSD, RHEL, CentOS, MacOS/OSX, AIX, HP-UX and co).

What is a public key authentication?

OpenSSH server supports various authentication schema. The two most popular are as follows:

  1. Passwords based authentication
  2. Public key based authentication. It is an alternative security method to using passwords. This method is recommended on a VPS, cloud, dedicated or even home based server.

How to set up SSH keys

Steps to setup secure ssh keys:

  1. Create the ssh key pair using ssh-keygen command.
  2. Copy and install the public ssh key using ssh-copy-id command on a Linux or Unix server.
  3. Add yourself to sudo or wheel group admin account.
  4. Disable the password login for root account.
  5. Test your password less ssh keys login using ssh user@server-name command.

Let us see all steps in details.

How do I set up public key authentication?

You must generate both a public and a private key pair. For example:
Where,

  • server1.cyberciti.biz – You store your public key on the remote hosts and you have an accounts on this Linux/Unix based server.
  • client1.cyberciti.biz – Your private key stays on the desktop/laptop/ computer (or local server) you use to connect to server1.cyberciti.biz server. Do not share or give your private file to anyone.

In public key based method you can log into remote hosts and server, and transfer files to them, without using your account passwords. Feel free to replace server1.cyberciti.biz and client1.cyberciti.biz names with your actual setup. Enough talk, let’s set up public key authentication. Open the Terminal and type following commands if .ssh directory does not exists:

1: Create the key pair

On the computer (such as client1.cyberciti.biz), generate a key pair for the protocol.

Sample outputs:

You need to set the Key Pair location and name. I recommend you use the default location if you do not yet have another key there, for example: $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa. You will be prompted to supply a passphrase (password) for your private key. I suggest that you setup a passphrase when prompted. You should see two new files in $HOME/.ssh/ directory:

  1. $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa– contains your private key.
  2. $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub – contain your public key.

Optional syntax for advance users

The following syntax specifies the 4096 of bits in the RSA key to creation (default 2048):
$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -f ~/.ssh/vps-cloud.web-server.key -C 'My web-server key'
Where,

  • -t rsa : Specifies the type of key to create. The possible values are “rsa1” for protocol version 1 and “dsa”, “ecdsa”, “ed25519”, or “rsa” for protocol version 2.
  • -b 4096 : Specifies the number of bits in the key to create
  • -f ~/.ssh/vps-cloud.web-server.key : Specifies the filename of the key file.
  • -C 'My web-server key' : Set a new comment.

2: Install the public key in remote server

Use scp or ssh-copy-id command to copy your public key file (e.g., $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub) to your account on the remote server/host (e.g., nixcraft@server1.cyberciti.biz). Chaos legion pc download. To do so, enter the following command on your client1.cyberciti.biz:

OR just copy the public key in remote server as authorized_keys in ~/.ssh/ directory:

A note about appending the public key in remote server

On some system ssh-copy-id command may not be installed, so use the following commands (when prompted provide the password for remote user account called vivek) to install and append the public key:

3: Test it (type command on client1.cyberciti.biz)

The syntax is as follows for the ssh command:

Or copy a text file called foo.txt:

You will be prompted for a passphrase. To get rid of passphrase whenever you log in the remote host, try ssh-agent and ssh-add commands.

What are ssh-agent and ssh-add, and how do I use them?

To get rid of a passphrase for the current session, add a passphrase to ssh-agent and you will not be prompted for it when using ssh or scp/sftp/rsync to connect to hosts with your public key. The syntax is as follows:

Type the ssh-add command to prompt the user for a private key passphrase and adds it to the list maintained by ssh-agent command:

Enter your private key passphrase. Now try again to log into user@server1.cyberciti.biz and you will not be prompted for a password:

One can list public key parameters of all identities with the -L option:
ssh-add -L
Deleting all private keys from the ssh-agent can be done with the -D option as follows:
ssh-add -D
When you log out kill the ssh agent, run:
kill $SSH_AGENT_PID
You can also add something like the below to your shell startup to kill ssh-agent at logout:
trap 'kill $SSH_AGENT_PID' 0

4: Disable the password based login on a server

Login to your server, type:

Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config on server1.cyberciti.biz using a text editor such as nano or vim:

Warning: Make sure you add yourself to sudoers files. Otherwise you will not able to login as root later on. See “How To Add, Delete, and Grant Sudo Privileges to Users on a FreeBSD Server” for more info.

Generate Ssh Public Keys Linux Free

$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
OR directly jump to PermitRootLogin line using a vim text editor:
$ sudo vim +/PermitRootLogin /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Find PermitRootLogin and set it as follows:

Save and close the file. I am going to add a user named vivek to sudoers on Ubuntu Linux:
# adduser vivek
Finally, reload/restart the sshd server, type command as per your Linux/Unix version:

5: How to add or replace a passphrase for an existing private key?

To to change your passphrase type the following command:
ssh-keygen -p

6: How do I backup an existing private/public key?

Just copy files to your backup server or external USB pen/hard drive:

How do I protect my ssh keys?

  1. Always use a strong passphrase.
  2. Do not share your private keys anywhere online or store in insecure cloud storage.
  3. Restrict privileges of the account.

How do I create and setup an OpenSSH config file to create shortcuts for servers I frequently access?

See how to create and use an OpenSSH ssh_config file for more info.

Conclusion

This page explained how to set up ssh keys for authentication purposes. For more info see the following resources:

  • Man pages – ssh-keygen(1)
  • OpenSSH project homepage here.

And, there you have it, ssh set up with public key based authentication for Linux or Unix-like systems.

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Password authentication is the default method most SSH (Secure Shell) clients use to authenticate with remote servers, but it suffers from potential security vulnerabilities, like brute-force login attempts. An alternative to password authentication is public key authentication, in which you generate and store on your computer a pair of cryptographic keys and then configure your server to recognize and accept your keys. Using key-based authentication offers a range of benefits:

  • Key-based login is not a major target for brute-force hacking attacks.

  • If a server that uses SSH keys is compromised by a hacker, no authorization credentials are at risk of being exposed.

  • Because a password isn’t required at login, you are able to able to log in to servers from within scripts or automation tools that you need to run unattended. For example, you can set up periodic updates for your servers with a configuration management tool like Ansible, and you can run those updates without having to be physically present.

This guide will explain how the SSH key login scheme works, how to generate an SSH key, and how to use those keys with your Linode.

Note
If you’re unfamiliar with SSH connections, review the Getting Started with Linode guide.

How SSH Keys Work

SSH keys are generated in pairs and stored in plain-text files. The key pair (or keypair) consists of two parts:

  • A private key, usually named id_rsa. The private key is stored on your local computer and should be kept secure, with permissions set so that no other users on your computer can read the file.

    Caution

  • A public key, usually named id_rsa.pub. The public key is placed on the server you intend to log in to. You can freely share your public key with others. If someone else adds your public key to their server, you will be able to log in to that server.

When a site or service asks for your SSH key, they are referring to your SSH public key (id_rsa.pub). For instance, services like GitHub and Gitlab allow you to place your SSH public key on their servers to streamline the process of pushing code changes to remote repositories.

The authorized_keys File

In order for your Linode to recognize and accept your key pair, you will need to upload your public key to your server. More specifically, you will need to upload your public key to the home directory of the user you would like to log in as. If you would like to log in to more than one user on the server using your key pair, you will need to add your public key to each of those users.

To set up SSH key authentication for one of your server’s users, add your public key to a new line inside the user’s authorized_keys file. This file is stored inside a directory named .ssh/ under the user’s home folder. A user’s authorized_keys file can store more than one public key, and each public key is listed on its own line. If your file contains more than one public key, then the owner of each key listed will be able to log in as that user.

Granting Someone Else Access to your Server

To give someone else access to your server’s user, simply add their public key on a new line in your authorized_keysEaseus data recovery wizard license key generator. file, just as you would add your own. To revoke access for that person, remove that same line and save the changes.

Challenge-Response

When logging in to a server using SSH, if there is a public key on file on that server, the server will create a challenge. This challenge will be crafted in such a way that only the holder of the private SSH key will be able to decipher it.

This challenge-response action happens without any user interaction. If the person attempting to log in has the corresponding private key, then they will be safely logged in. If not, the login will either fail or fall back to a password-based authentication scheme.

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SSH Key Passphrases

You can optionally provide an additional level of security for your SSH keys by encrypting them with a passphrase at the time of creation. When you attempt to log in using an encrypted SSH key, you will be prompted to enter its passphrase. This is not to be confused with a password, as this passphrase only decrypts the key file locally and is not transferred over the Internet as a password might be.

If you’d like to set up your logins so that they require no user input, then creating a passphrase might not be desirable, but it is strongly recommended nevertheless.

Linux and macOS

Generate a Key Pair

Perform the steps in this section on your local machine.

  1. Create a new key pair.

    Caution

    This command will overwrite an existing RSA key pair, potentially locking you out of other systems.

    If you’ve already created a key pair, skip this step. To check for existing keys, run ls ~/.ssh/id_rsa*.

    If you accidentally lock yourself out of the SSH service on your Linode, you can still use the Lish console to login to your server. After you’ve logged in via Lish, update your authorized_keys file to use your new public key. This should re-establish normal SSH access.

    The -b flag instructs ssh-keygen to increase the number of bits used to generate the key pair, and is suggested for additional security.

  2. Press Enter to use the default names id_rsa and id_rsa.pub in the /home/your_username/.ssh directory before entering your passphrase.

  3. While creating the key pair, you will be given the option to encrypt the private key with a passphrase. This means that the key pair cannot be used without entering the passphrase (unless you save that passphrase to your local machine’s keychain manager). We suggest that you use the key pair with a passphrase, but you can leave this field blank if you don’t want to use one.

Upload your Public Key

There are a few different ways to upload your public key to your Linode from Linux and macOS client systems:

Using ssh-copy-id

ssh-copy-id is a utility available on some operating systems that can copy a SSH public key to a remote server over SSH.

  1. To use ssh-copy-id, pass your username and the IP address of the server you would like to access:

  2. You’ll see output like the following, and a prompt to enter your user’s password:

  3. Verify that you can log in to the server with your key.

Using Secure Copy (scp)

Secure Copy (scp) is a tool that copies files from a local computer to a remote server over SSH:

Caution
These instructions will overwrite any existing contents of the authorized_keys file on your server. If you have already set up other public keys on your server, use the ssh-copy-id command or enter your key manually.

  1. Connect to your server via SSH with the user you would like to add your key to:

  2. Create the ~/.ssh directory and authorized_keys file if they don’t already exist:

  3. Give the ~/.ssh directory and authorized_keys files appropriate file permissions:

  4. In another terminal on your local machine, use scp to copy the contents of your SSH public key (id_rsa.pub) into the authorized_keys file on your server. Substitute in your own username and your server’s IP address:

  5. Verify that you can log in to the server with your key.

Manually Copy an SSH Key

You can also manually add an SSH key to a server:

  1. Begin by copying the contents of your public SSH key on your local computer. You can use the following command to output the contents of the file:

    You should see output similar to the following:

    Note that the public key begins with ssh-rsa and ends with [email protected].

  2. Once you have copied that text, connect to your server via SSH with the user you would like to add your key to:

  3. Create the ~/.ssh directory and authorized_keys file if they don’t already exist:

  4. Give the ~/.ssh directory and authorized_keys files appropriate file permissions:

  5. Open the authorized_keys file with the text editor of your choice (nano, for example). Then, paste the contents of your public key that you copied in step one on a new line at the end of the file.

  6. Save and close the file.

    Note

    If you initially logged into the server as root but edited the authorized_keys file of another user, then the .ssh/ folder and authorized_keys file of that user may be owned by root. Set that other user as the files’ owner:

  7. Verify that you can log in to the server with your key.

Connect to the Remote Server

  1. SSH into the server from your local machine:

  2. If you chose to use a passphrase when creating your SSH key, you will be prompted to enter it when you attempt to log in. Depending on your desktop environment, a window may appear:

    Caution
    Do not allow the local machine to remember the passphrase in its keychain unless you are on a private computer which you trust.

    You may also see the passphrase prompt at your command line:

  3. Enter your password. You should see the connection establish in the local terminal.

Windows

The following instructions use the PuTTY software to connect over SSH, but other options are available on Windows too.

Generate a Key Pair with PuTTY

  1. Download PuTTYgen (puttygen.exe) and PuTTY (putty.exe) from the official site.

  2. Launch puttygen.exe. The RSA key type at the bottom of the window is selected by default for an RSA key pair but ED25519 (EdDSA using Curve25519) is a comparable option if your remote machine’s SSH server supports DSA signatures. Do not use the SSH-1(RSA) key type unless you know what you’re doing.

  3. Increase the RSA key size from 2048 bits 4096 and click Generate:

  4. PuTTY uses the random input from your mouse to generate a unique key. Once key generation begins, keep moving your mouse until the progress bar is filled:

  5. When finished, PuTTY will display the new public key. Right-click on it and select Select All, then copy the public key into a Notepad file.

  6. Save the public key as a .txt file or some other plaintext format. This is important–a rich text format such as .rtf or .doc can add extra formatting characters and then your private key won’t work:

  7. Enter a passphrase for the private key in the Key passphrase and Confirm passphrase text fields. Important: Make a note of your passphrase, you’ll need it later:

  8. Click Save private key. Choose a file name and location in Explorer while keeping the ppk file extension. If you plan to create multiple key pairs for different servers, be sure to give them different names so that you don’t overwrite old keys with new:

Linux Generate Public Key

Manually Copy the SSH Key with PuTTY

  1. Launch putty.exe. Find the Connection tree in the Category window, expand SSH and select Auth. Click Browse and navigate to the private key you created above:

  2. Scroll back to the top of the Category window and click Session. Enter the hostname or IP address of your Linode. PuTTY’s default TCP port is 22, the IANA assigned port for for SSH traffic. Change it if your server is listening on a different port. Name the session in the Saved Sessions text bar and click Save:

  3. Click the Open button to establish a connection. You will be prompted to enter a login name and password for the remote server.

  4. Once you’re logged in to the remote server, configure it to authenticate with your SSH key pair instead of a user’s password. Create an .ssh directory in your home directory on your Linode, create a blank authorized_keys file inside, and set their access permissions:

  5. Open the authorized_keys file with the text editor of your choice (nano, for example). Then, paste the contents of your public key that you copied in step one on a new line at the end of the file.

  6. Save, close the file, and exit PuTTY.

  7. Verify that you can log in to the server with your key.

Using WinSCP

Uploading a public key from Windows can also be done using WinSCP:

Caution
These instructions will overwrite any existing contents of the authorized_keys file on your server. If you have already set up other public keys on your server, use the PuTTY instructions instead.

  1. In the login window, enter your Linode’s public IP address as the hostname, the user you would like to add your key to, and your user’s password. Click Login to connect.

  2. Once connected, WinSCP will show two file tree sections. The left shows files on your local computer and the right shows files on your Linode. Using the file explorer on the left, navigate to the file where you saved your public key in Windows. Select the public key file and click Upload in the toolbar above.

  3. You’ll be prompted to enter a path on your Linode where you want to upload the file. Upload the file to /home/your_username/.ssh/authorized_keys.

  4. Verify that you can log in to the server with your key.

Connect to the Remote Server with PuTTY

Start PuTTY and Load your saved session. You’ll be prompted to enter your server user’s login name as before. However, this time you will be prompted for your private SSH key’s passphrase rather than the password for your server’s user. Enter the passphrase and press Enter.

Troubleshooting

If your SSH connections are not working as expected, or if you have locked yourself out of your system, review the Troubleshooting SSH guide for troubleshooting help.

Upload your SSH Key to the Cloud Manager

It is possible to provision each new Linode you create with an SSH public key automatically through the Cloud Manager.

Generate Ssh Key Linux

  1. Log in to the Cloud Manager.

  2. Click on your username at the top right hand side of the page. Then click on My Profile in the dropdown menu that appears:

    Note
    If you are viewing the Cloud Manager in a smaller browser window or on a smaller device, then the My Profile link will appear in the sidebar links. To view the sidebar links, click on the disclosure button to the left of the blue Create button at the top of the page.

  3. From the My Profile page, select the SSH Keys tab, and then click Add a SSH Key:

  4. Create a label for your key, then paste in the contents of your public SSH key (id_rsa.pub):

  5. Click Add Key.

  6. When you next create a Linode you’ll be given the opportunity to include your SSH key in the Linode’s creation. This key will be added to the root user of the new Linode.

    In the Create Linode form, select the SSH key you’d like to include. This field will appear below the Root Password field:

Next Steps

After you set up your SSH keys and confirm they are working as expected, review the How to Secure Your Server guide for instructions on disabling password authentication for your server.

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How To Generate Ssh Public Key Linux

This guide is published under a CC BY-ND 4.0 license.